The number of forcibly displaced people within and across borders has nearly doubled in the last 10 years, reaching its highest level since the end of the Second World War.1 Climate change and armed conflict are becoming increasingly relevant determinants of this drastic increase in forced migratory flows, driving millions of people facing economic, social, and existential threats to leave their homes each year. According to the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), at the end of 2021 a record 59.1 million people were internally displaced due to violence and natural disasters ; this figure is predicted to exceed 200 million by 2050.2 Although precise estimates of the cross-national migratory flows associated with conflict and climate disasters are not available, the International Organization for Migration
(IOM) reports that an increasing number of people also turn to international migration as a means of adaptation to environmental impacts as well as to escape violence.