Foreign migrant workers are often faced with a choice: pay illegal or unethical recruitment fees for a job abroad or go without work altogether. To finance these exorbitant costs, which can be as high as USD 6,000 in some migration corridors, they o...Read More

Modern slavery is moving up the political and legislative agenda within the UK, whilst shareholder and investor initiatives on the issue are increasing. Whilst recent global events, such as the war in Ukraine, are further increasing modern slav...Read More

This work is part of a series of Forced Labour Evidence Briefs that seek to bring academic research to bear on calls to address the root causes of the phenomenon in global supply chains and catalyse systemic change. To do so, the briefs consolidate ...Read More

Workers are recruited via unlicensed third-party agencies. Use of unlicensed third-party agencies increases the risk of labor exploitation. Workers pay for recruitment, employment or repatriation fees. Costs associated with employment can place ...Read More