Narratives of commercial gestational surrogacy (CGS) as ‘baby-selling’ often conflate or interchange the transfer of children born via surrogacy with trafficking in children or the sale of children, two sometimes overlapping but nonetheless distinct offenses. Moreover, anti-trafficking laws have been used to police cross border CGS. But when do CGS arrangements fall within the category of legitimate ‘reproductive tourism’ and when do they amount to child trafficking? In this paper I critically explore intersections between human trafficking laws and CGS, vis-à-vis the child, charting the relevant trafficking laws in the context of international surrogacy, and analysing whether trafficking laws are an appropriate mechanism through which to regulate CGS. I conclude that while child trafficking might occur via surrogacy, CGS in itself is not child trafficking under international law.
Guide to assist businesses in the implementation of the Athens Ethical Principles. The guide is structured around seven principles.
Child labor in coffee production in Eastern Uganda is widespread. Engaged in such activities as picking and sorting berries or transporting beans and supplies, children working in Uganda’s coffee supply chain (CSC) experience risks to their safety...Read More
This report is based largely on interviews with garment suppliers, social compliance auditors, and garment industry experts, including those with at least a decade’s experience sourcing for numerous global brands; hundreds of interviews with worke...Read More
In 2016, a new study, funded by iPoint, was conducted in conjunction with Development International. 1,961 brands were evaluated against their disclosure compliance based on the law’s Risk Verification, Audit, Certification, Internal accountability...Read More
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